Yokoyama Taikan’s masterpiece “Muga” (“Selflessness”) holds a special place in the history of modern Japanese painting. Created in 1897 when Taikan was 29 years old, this work is widely recognized as his breakthrough piece.

“Muga” Depicted Through the Figure of a Child

In “Muga,” a small child is portrayed wearing an oversized kimono, standing absent-mindedly with a vacant expression. The background features a spring riverside and pussy willows, evoking a gentle, natural atmosphere that highlights the child’s pure presence.

This child is the very embodiment of the painting’s title, “Muga.” In Buddhism and Zen, “Muga” or “mushin” (selflessness or no-mind) refers to the state of enlightenment—a fundamentally abstract spiritual concept. Traditionally, such themes in Japanese painting were often symbolized by portraits of monks or sages. Taikan, however, chose to express this idea through the innocent figure of a young child.

Expressing Purity and Innocence

What does enlightenment look like? In response to this question, Taikan took a unique approach: “What kind of expression would a small child show if they attained enlightenment?” The child’s unadorned, expressionless face and pure posture perfectly capture the essence of “Muga” and “mushin.” By using the innocence of a child—something universally relatable—Taikan made the intangible state of enlightenment accessible and emotionally resonant.

The Impact and Reception in the Art World

This innovative idea and method of expression made a tremendous impact on the art world of the time. “Muga” quickly established Taikan’s reputation and opened new horizons for Japanese painting. Multiple versions of “Muga” were created, and three are known to exist today, housed in the Tokyo National Museum, Adachi Museum of Art, and Mizuno Museum.

Conclusion

Yokoyama Taikan’s “Muga” is a masterpiece that visualizes an invisible spiritual world, quietly moving the hearts of its viewers. By expressing enlightenment through the figure of a child, the work continues to inspire and resonate with people even today, offering both fresh surprise and deep empathy.